At the same time, we note that federal-state friction, limited government capacity, the absence of a centralized management agency, the lack of international funding, incipient environmental awareness, and numerous barriers to investment in renewable energy reinforce carbon lock-in. Based on our multi-year analysis, we identify key breakout factors, including behavioral transformations, institutional shifts, and action by a broad network of actors that have allowed Malaysia to begin decarbonizing its economy. Drawing on extensive interviews with both public and private stakeholders, we examine how Malaysia has launched its transition to a decarbonized development path. As with other developing countries, Malaysia’s challenge is to decarbonize its energy-centric economy in the face of population growth pressures and substantial levels of poverty.
Malaysia has made an ambitious commitment to reduce the intensity of its carbon emissions, notably a 40% reduction (compared to 2005 levels) by 2020 and a 45% reduction (compared to 2005 levels) by 2030. State and local governments and renewable energy developers need to pay closer attention to the full range of socially-oriented sources of opposition to new facilities. Project delays and cancellations account for potential lost generating capacity of almost 4600 MW. Of the projects we studied, 34% faced significant delays and difficulties securing permits, 49% were cancelled permanently, and 26% resumed after being stopped for several months or years.
Using multi-level qualitative analysis, we have identified seven key sources of opposition. We identified 53 utility-scale wind, solar, and geothermal energy projects that were delayed or blocked between 20 in 28 U.S. Cost-effective renewable energy has largely been achieved, but there appear to be substantial barriers to building new renewable energy facilities. Many policy analysts believe that once electricity from renewable energy becomes less expensive than electricity from fossil fuel, new renewable energy facilities will be built quickly across the United States.
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